The problem
Some code saved some wrong (custom) property values but you have not the XML extensions to edit the values with Alfresco-Explorer or Alfresco Share.
One possible solution: Use Python and cmislib
If you haven't easy_install or python pip, please install this first. For Ubuntu/Debian this would be:
sudo apt-get install python-pip
So here we go:
sudo pip install cmislib
python
import cmislib
URL = 'http://localhost:8080/alfresco/cmis'
USERNAME = 'admin'
PASSWORD ='admin'
client = cmislib.CmisClient(URL, USERNAME, PASSWORD)
repo = client.getDefaultRepository()
doc = repo.getObjectByPath('/path/to/doc_or_folder')
doc.updateProperties({'propertyname': 'propertyvalue'})
The property value should have changed.